footnote318
Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations.
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2020
Effects shown in research
Family economic self-sufficiency
Findings rated high
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Has health care coverage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Children in custody of biological mother at interview, Alaska trial | 249 children | % (adjusted) = 95.00 | Adjusted mean % = 90.00 | OR = 2.05 | HomVEE calculated = 0.45 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of days on TANF, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 176.10 | Unadjusted mean = 169.60 | Mean difference = 6.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 | |
| Number of days on SNAP, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 475.10 | Unadjusted mean = 461.20 | Mean difference = 13.90 | HomVEE calculated = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.20 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
| Number of days with child care subsidy, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 19.50 | Unadjusted mean = 19.80 | Mean difference = -0.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.92 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
| Percentage ever received TANF, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.42 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.41 | Mean difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
| Percentage ever received child care subsidy, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 | Mean difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.33 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
| Percentage ever received SNAP, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.85 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.82 | Mean difference = 0.02 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of children ever enrolled in Oregon Health Plan |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample |
2707 children | Percent = 0.83 | Percent = 0.83 | Odds ratio = 1.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.93 |
Effect size based on study ORHomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. |
Total number of days enrolled in Oregon Health Plan (children) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample |
2707 children | Days = 519.20 | Days = 524.80 | Mean difference = -5.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.61 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WIC receipt | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 91.00 | % = 91.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| WIC receipt | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 68.00 | % = 71.00 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Adult education | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 23.00 | % = 21.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Adult education | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 22.00 | % = 21.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Child has insurance coverage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 children | % = 84.20 | % = 87.20 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote55This study was assigned a moderate rating for this outcome due to statistically significant differences between the program and comparison groups at baseline. |
| Child has insurance coverage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 children | % = 82.40 | % = 84.00 | = -1.60 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Child support enforcement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 10.00 | % = 16.00 | = -6.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.33 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Child support enforcement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 14.00 | % = 12.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.11 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Emergency food | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 13.00 | % = 9.00 | = 4.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.25 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote61In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Emergency food | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 11.00 | % = 8.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 59.00 | % = 58.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 43.00 | % = 44.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Homeless shelter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 2.00 | % = 1.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Homeless shelter | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 1.00 | % = 1.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Legal aid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 7.00 | % = 6.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Legal aid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 7.00 | % = 4.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.36 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 64.00 | % = 61.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother earned HS degree or currently enrolled | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 58.00 | % = 59.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother attended school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 43.00 | % = 40.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother attended school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 37.00 | % = 28.00 | = 9.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.25 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Mother worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 49.00 | % = 49.00 | = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Mother worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 69.00 | % = 70.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Section 8 housing | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 8.00 | % = 11.00 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote61In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA). |
| Section 8 housing | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 10.00 | % = 7.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Someone in household worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 74.00 | % = 71.00 | = 3.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Someone in household worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 84.00 | % = 83.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Use of respite care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 3.00 | % = 1.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.68 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Use of respite care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 2.00 | % = 1.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.43 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Welfare receipt | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 435 families | % = 62.00 | % = 63.00 | = -1.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Welfare receipt | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 3 | Full sample, San Diego trial | 412 families | % = 43.00 | % = 46.00 | = -3.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job training or employment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 months |
HFA vs. comparison group, Arizona, full sample |
199 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.49 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.54 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother earned HS degree or in school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 81.00 | % = 80.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Mother earned HS degree or in school | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | % = 82.00 | % = 81.00 | = 1.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Someone in household worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 564 mothers | % = 68.00 | % = 70.00 | = -2.00 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Someone in household worked | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Full sample, Hawaii trial | 567 mothers | % = 77.00 | % = 75.00 | = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
158
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School or training for mother | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Arizona sample | 171 mothers | Mean % = 35.20 | Mean % = 6.80 | Mean difference = 0.28 | HomVEE calculated = 1.19 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 |
Findings rated moderate
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased education by year or more since baseline | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Program group families not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial |
512 families | % = 18.40 | % = 7.40 | OR = 2.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.63 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
|
| Receipt of public assistance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Program group families not affected by substance abuse, NY Best Beginnings trial |
512 families | Not available | Not available | Beta = 0.02 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote62Study reports results using a standardized partial regression coefficient. |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of days with employment services, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 98.90 | Unadjusted mean = 94.40 | Mean difference = 4.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.53 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
| Percentage ever received employment services, intent-to-treat analysis, unadjusted | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years | Oregon, 2010-2012 | 2707 mothers | Unadjusted proportion = 0.31 | Unadjusted proportion = 0.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.77 | footnote318Statistical significance is based on <abbr title="Home Visiting Evidence of Effectiveness">HomVEE</abbr> calculations. |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of parents ever enrolled in Oregon Health Plan |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample |
2707 parents | Percent = 0.84 | Percent = 0.84 | Odds ratio = 1.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.77 |
Effect size based on study ORHomVEE calculated the effect size based on the study-reported odds ratio. |
Total number of days enrolled in Oregon Health Plan (parents) |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
Oregon, 2010-2012, full sample |
2707 parents | Days = 381.40 | Days = 380.10 | Mean difference = 1.30 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p= 0.62 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income above poverty level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 55.00 | % = 56.00 | OR = 0.97 | HomVEE calculated = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Household member employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 2 | Biological mothers with custody of index child at interview, Alaska trial | 249 mothers | % = 86.00 | % = 87.00 | OR = 0.90 | HomVEE calculated = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child has health insurance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 children | % = 93.90 | % = 90.40 | = 3.50 | HomVEE calculated = 0.30 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Education appropriate for age | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1061 families | % = 57.50 | % = 60.30 | = -2.80 | HomVEE calculated = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Family received TANF | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1061 families | % = 35.00 | % = 30.40 | = 4.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Family received WIC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1061 families | % = 74.80 | % = 72.20 | = 2.60 | HomVEE calculated = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Family received 50% income from work | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1061 families | % = 51.20 | % = 56.60 | = -5.40 | HomVEE calculated = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Mother employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY trial | 1061 families | % = 40.80 | % = 47.60 | = 6.80 | HomVEE calculated = -0.17 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Mother has health insurance | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
Year 1 | Full sample, NY Trial | 1061 mothers | % (adjusted) = 80.10 | Adjusted mean % = 78.40 | = 1.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Healthy Families America (HFA)®
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Completed at least 1 year of college - 2 years | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years post enrollment | MA sample | 604 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 1.92 | HomVEE calculated = 0.39 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
| High school diploma or equivalent - 2 years | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years post enrollment | MA sample | 604 mothers | Not reported | Not reported | OR = 0.87 | HomVEE calculated = -0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.52 |